Posts Tagged ‘Judaism’

Andrew Sullivan Still Doesn’t Get It

Thursday, April 9th, 2009

I politely jeered at Andrew Sullivan in my last article for not going “straight” on religion. However, I revel in his attacks on his conservative brethren, because Andrew has the ability to be unforgiving. In this case, the target of his indignation hits close to home: gays. Andrew correctly states that conservatives of the NRO are saying that “homosexuals can go to hell”. Too bad Andrew fell short again.

But, here we are in front of the same issue as before. Is this really a cultural issue? Maybe. Everything that goes on in our society is in some way, culture. Culture comes from cultivate or to grow. Anything cultural stems from whatever growth we experience as a society. For to grow as a society, we must grow as a culture.

In his article, Andrew correctly identifies the stereotypical, culturally conservative position that is magnified in the NRO’s editorial as not giving a damn about homosexuals. They definitely don’t. However, again, Andrew misses the point. No wonder Andrew doesn’t accept comments on his blog.

The NRO editorial exemplifies the impact of religious culture in our society, even though the NRO never mentions the word religion. There is no reason to deny homosexuals any number of rights, privileges or recognitions in our society, and there never has been except for religion. Oh, the NRO mentions “social institution” and “public policy” as the reasons to deny homosexuals the right of marriage, but the NRO is intellectually bankrupt because the same arguments were used to keep blacks in slavery. You see, the only basis for denying homosexual marriage is religion. If the abrahamic faiths didn’t exist, very likely neither would mores against homosexuals and homosexual acts. Anti-homosexual positions may exist in non-abrahamic faiths, but Judaism, Christianity and Islam have done, by far, the most damage to homosexuals, among others, by sheer size and clout.

I must shout to Andrew over and above the din of mad clicking activity that happens at his blog to make him aware that while I agree with his view of the NRO editorial, he is yet again falling short on the real subject: religion has caused the anti-homosexual social practices, attitudes and laws that he is fighting against. Andrew can’t see the forest for the trees.

When will Andrew Sullivan give up on his religion and recognize it for the shortfall it has created in his life and others?

Update: Andrew, Andrew, Andrew … Deal With It, Maggie? Here it is, “But I can note that as one of the first and longest campaigners for marriage equality, my own commitment to religious freedom in America is as ferocious and as impassioned as any Christianist’s”. Andrew, you want religious freedom but you fail to understand that your desire to have religious freedom means that nobody gets any freedom from any of it. Christianity, above all faiths (just barely), requires proselytization, which means you must submit to my will. Do you get it yet?

Humanist Chaplain?

Friday, March 20th, 2009

A rare feature in DC’s free Express paper, a subsidiary of The Washington Post, occurred today — the “Look Out” Trends, Culture, Discoveries, Ideas, People section highlighted humanist connections through secular communities in an article entitled “Mass of Nonbelievers.” The article cites the broader acceptance of those with no faith from the 1990 and 2008 American Religious Identification Surveys, in which the percentage of respondents declaring no religion increased from 8.2% to 15%, respectively. That and President Obama’s mention of “nonbelievers” in his inaugural address suggest that there are a number of non-religious people who are humanists, but who have never identified themselves that way. These people, according to Greg Epstein, the humanist “chaplain” at Harvard University, can be reached by church-like communities, minus the whole God bit.

Although there is a degree of dissent among nonbelievers regarding the creation of humanist organizations modeled after religious organizations, it’s nice to know that such communities exist at all, that secularism is touted by these communities as being a positive thing, and that there is a choice in the matter. Unlike the mainstream religious who assert that to be a “good” believer, one must regularly attend church, if you don’t go to one of Epstein’s so-called “congregations,” it doesn’t mean you’re being a bad nonbeliever.

The article, written by Jay Lindsay (AP), was unbiased, well-written, and informative. Although it focused primarily on Epstein, an ordained rabbi (via the International Institute for Secular Humanistic Judaism), former Reform Jew with a master’s degree in Judaic studies from the University of Michigan and a master’s of theological studies from Harvard Divinity School, the article reinforced the idea that people don’t need God or religion to get together and do good things. It was surprising and satisfying to see this article in a paper that regularly features pro-religious articles and advertisements. I am curious as to how people will react to the article, and whether secular organizations will gain more favor in mainstream media.

Note that the Express version of the article is abridged, and can be found at the Express Night Out website. Download the PDF version of the paper. The article is on page 31.

The full article can be read at Newsvine, with the original title “God-less ‘congregations’ planned for humanists.”

Life and Death

Sunday, November 9th, 2008

The believers among us are most apt to argue about when life begins. Does life begin at birth, at conception or somewhere in-between? The question of when death occurs is not asked often since a fortuitous death by accident or natural death by illness occurs out of the control of the recently deceased.

However, we have had cases where death has occurred somewhere in the middle, leaving a dilemma for bystanders who see medical professionals and grief-stricken relatives arguing about the state of the patient and the likely outcome of a course of treatment. The most well-known case of recent times was that of Terri Schiavo, who existed in a persistent vegetative state without any reasonable chance of recovery and whose sole existence was provided through parenteral nutrition.

Today, we have in the news yet another case of the game of When Does Death Occur.1 A young boy named Motl Brody is confined to a hospital following unsuccessful treament of cancer — unfortunately, Motl’s brain stem has “no electrical function”. Motl is dead. While this case would simply end by the patient being removed from life support, Motl’s parents are Hasidic Jews who follow their religious definition of death: the cessation of lung and heart functions.2 The irony is that the life support system that supports Motl is entirely man-made and without it Motl’s body would immediately cease to function. The religious definition of death has collided with technology.

How long can medical technology keep Motl’s body alive to satisfy the Judaic definition of non-death? Though no one knows for sure, Motl could live another 10 or 20 years before the actual tissues of his heart or lungs disintegrate (Motl is currently 12 years old). Yes, he is being pumped full of drugs that do the things that his endocrine system cannot since there is zero neurological function. Do we allow religious beliefs, however antiquated or insufficient to deal with modern life, continue to rule the rest of us?

With all due respect to grief-stricken families who wish to allow their loved ones to be maintained, in perpetuity, by a machine that replaces all bodily functions while the standard human functions are irretrievably gone, we should demand that logic and reason withstand the emotional pleas or the silly, outdated religious definitions of when life begins or when death occurs. We are a nation of secular laws that continually suffers from the intrusions of those who believe that an ancient book which speaks of an imaginary sky-daddy somehow should take precedence over the intellect of the human mind.

It will now be up the court system to decide if Motl Brody has passed away. If the court wishes to decide that Motl has not passed away, whether by acquiescing to a religious definition of death (a heinous outcome) or by concluding by some other means that Motl is still alive, the court system should also find that since there is no reasonable hope of rehabilitating Motl to a state which can be considered minimally interactive for a human, the family can surely keep the loved one alive if the family is willing to pay for the entire cost.

Though it is unlikely that the court system will find in favor of The Brodys to keep young Motl connected to life support, even if the court system agrees with the religious beliefs of The Brodys there should be no further demands placed upon those who do not share the same religious beliefs.

UPDATE

Motl Brody has died. He was still on life support at the time of his death, so the legal issue of death is no longer present.3

Download the Podcast – Narrated by Huntingdon

  1. MSNBC.com: NY Family opposes end to care for brain-dead boy. November 8, 2008. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27603719/ [<]
  2. See Transplantation Ethics, Chapter 7, The Conscience Clause: How Much Individual Choice Can Society Tolerate in Defining Death?, by Robert M. Veatch. http://books.google.com/books?id=aNcbKssW30IC&printsec=frontcover#PPA114,M1 [<]
  3. WashingtonPost.com: Boy whose religious parents battled hospital dies. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/16/AR2008111601226_pf.html [<]

H – E – Double Hockey Sticks

Thursday, April 17th, 2008

Human beings seem to have a natural desire to want to be rewarded for their good deeds and punished for the bad (well, to see others punished, anyways).  The comforting concept of an end to all suffering after we die, of an infinite paradise, is simply not enough.  People want justice.  They want to know that all the rapists and murderers, the drunken fathers, the bullies that picked on them in school, the neighbors who have wild parties while they abstain, and of course the heathen unbelievers (especially them) are all going to have to someday pay.  Let’s take a look at some of the different ways in which people believe their fellow humans will eventually suffer.

Judaism

Although Judaism does not have a specific doctrine regarding an afterlife, the Tanakh makes many references to Gehenna, or Sheol, which is believed to be a sort of purgatory for the dead, and there is a mystical tradition of describing it.  The word Gehenna was derived from the Valley of Hinnom outside of Jerusalem, which was where the ancient Israelites sacrificed children, and later it was used as a dump for burning garbage and had a terrible stench.  This fiery place became a metaphor for the entrance to Hell.1  Gehenna is not considered to be a physical place, but rather a feeling of intense shame and awareness of one’s sins.  Some believe that the soul is purified in Gehenna, which allows the soul to ascend to Olam Ha-Ba, which can be compared to the Christian Heaven.2  Very few Jews believe that existence in Gehenna can be permanent, with most believing the longest stay possible is eleven months.  The Kabbalah describes Gehenna as a “waiting room.”

Christianity

The Christian concept of Hell stems from the apocalyptic sections of the New Testament.  Revelation 20: 11-15 describes a “great white throne” before which all the dead must stand to be judged on their actions in life.  Those who do not make the cut are thrown into a lake of fire to burn eternally.  Many portrayals of Hell depict demons who torture the damned.  Matthew 13: 42 states there will be “weeping and gnashing of teeth.”  Many Christians believe Hell is located in the Earth’s core, since Ephesians 4: 9 mentions the “lower parts of the earth.”  Some actually believe that the screams of the tormented can be heard in erupting volcanoes.3  Satan is considered to be the ruler of Hell in most denominations, although some believe Saint Peter is Hell’s keeper.  Few denominations can come to a consensus on which sins make a person worthy of Hell’s fiery torture, but it is almost universally believed that anyone who is not a Christian will meet that fate.

Islam

The Islamic concept of Hell is called Jahannam, and it is very similar to that of Christianity in that it is generally portrayed as hot and fiery.  However, Hell’s fate is not considered to be infinite but rather a basis for spiritual rectification, and the devil (shaitan) is not its ruler, just a tortured soul like the rest.4  Also, there are considered to be many levels of Hell depending on the degree of a person’s transgressions in life.  The lowest pit of Hell is called Hawiyah, and it is reserved for those who exhibit hypocrisy, which is considered to be the worst of all sins.  According to the Qur’an, anyone who claims to believe in Allah but denounces Him in his or her heart will end up in Hawiyah.  There is also one pit of Hell, called Zamhareer, which is not fiery but freezing.  The tree of Zaqqum is believed to bear thorny, bitter fruit, which the souls of the damned are compelled to eat, furthering their torment.5

Buddhism

Several different versions of Hell, or Naraka, are believed to exist in the major Buddhist schools of thought.  A person with enough negative karma can be reborn into one of these Narakas.  Existence in these realms is temporary, although beings are thought to be held there for vast stretches of time.  One of the most common schemes for describing the various torments is that of the Eight Cold Narakas and the Eight Hot Narakas.  The cold Narakas depict such tortures as being naked and alone in perpetual blizzards, shivering uncontrollably, forming blisters which burst open, and having the skin or even the entire body crack open, leaving one raw and bloody.  The hot Narakas include suffering such as being attacked with iron claws or fiery weapons, being sliced into pieces, being crushed into a bloody jelly by molten metal, being impaled on a fiery spear, and being roasted in a blazing oven.  Buddhists also believe that Hell can be a state of consciousness in which one suffers because of one’s actions.6

Hinduism

Hindu literature also speaks of Naraka (Neraka in Hinduism), although not in quite as gory detail as the Buddhist literature.  It is believed that at the time of death, souls who have sinned may be captured by the servants of Yama, the Lord of Justice.  Yama will deem the appropriate punishment for the sinner which, as in Buddhism, is temporary.  When the punishment is complete, Hindus believe the soul will be reborn on Earth in a human or animal body.  Some Hindus do not accept the existence of the Nerakas, or consider their descriptions to be metaphorical.7

-Laura

  1. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/g/gehenna.html [<]
  2. http://www.jewfaq.org/olamhaba.htm [<]
  3. Haraldur Sigurdsson, Melting the Earth, The History of Ideas on Volcanic Eruptions, p. 73 [<]
  4. William C. Chittick, Imaginal Worlds: Ibn al-Arab and the Problem of Religious Diversity, 1994 [<]
  5. Qur’an 44.43-46 [<]
  6. http://www.sikhsangat.com/index.php?showtopic=32187 [<]
  7. http://vedabase.net/en1 [<]

Kabbalah Unearthed

Monday, March 3rd, 2008

Kabbalah is a set of esoteric teachings intended to reveal the mystical aspects of Judaism.  Followers of Kabbalah consider its teachings to be the true meaning of Judaism, whereas other Jews consider the doctrines of Kabbalah to be heretical.  Kabbalists believe Jewish mysticism originated in Eden, although historians have noted that virtually all Kabbalistic works falsely claim, or are ascribed, ancient authorship.  Kabbalists believe that over time, Jewish patriarchs, prophets, and sages interwove their knowledge into Jewish writings and culture through oral transmission, resulting in the current teachings and practices.

Kabbalists believe that in ancient Israel in the 10th century BCE, the teachings of Kabbalah were common knowledge and practiced by over one million people.  However, there is very little historical evidence to support this.1  They believe that the Jewish spiritual leaders at that time (the Sanhedrin) were forced to hide these teachings, because foreign conquests posed a risk that the information might fall into the wrong hands.  The Sanhedrin also feared that Jews who were deported on conquest to other countries would be led to practice in incorrect and forbidden ways without proper supervision and guidance by the masters.  As a result, they believe the Kabbalah became secretive and forbidden for two and a half millennia.

The Zohar, a mystical commentary on the Torah written in medieval Aramaic, is widely considered the most important work of Kabbalah.  Torah study is considered an inherent duty of observant Jews,2 and the Zohar divides this study into four levels.  Peshat is the simple meaning of the text.  Remez refers to biblical allusion and allegory.  Derash is Rabbinic scriptural exegesis.  And finally, Sod is the secret inner meaning of the Torah, i.e. the kabbalah.3  Kabbalah teaches that there are hidden meanings contained in every Hebrew letter, word, number, and even the accent on words in the Hebrew Bible.  Kabbalists practice methods such as Gematria to attempt to ascertain these hidden meanings.

Another famous work, and possibly the earliest extant book on Jewish esotericism, is the Sefer Yetzirah, which kabbalists claim dates back to the patriarch Abraham.  Also revered is astro-magical text the Sefer Raziel HaMalach which, according to kabbalists, was revealed to Adam by the angel Raziel.  Yet, the Sefer Raziel HaMalach draws heavily from the Sefer Yetzirah, and it cannot be shown to predate the 13th century.  Skeptical scholars find attempts to date these works to the pre-Israelite Ancient Near East to be implausible.  Much of the central doctrine did not begin to develop seriously until the 12th century CE, and it seems far-fetched to believe that this doctrine existed undocumented within Judaism from the time of the Assyrian empire (which, ironically, some scholars believe is the source of Jewish mysticism) until it “resurfaced” approximately 17 to 18 centuries later.4

Kabbalists can be defined as monistic panentheists.  They envision two aspects of God, (a) God Himself, whom they consider to be impersonal and unknowable, and (b) the revealed aspect of God that created the universe and interacts with mankind.  They believe God’s existence is beyond anything that can be expressed in the material world, yet they believe all things are linked to God in perfect unity.  Rather than viewing these two aspects as a paradox, Kabbalists believe that through divine emanations they can come to see how they complement one another. 5

Kabbalah teaches that there are ten attributes with which God created the universe and reveals Himself, called the Ten Sefirot (literally, the Ten Emanations).  Kabbalists believe that the differences between these levels are not changes in God but in mankind’s ability to perceive God.  The ten levels are: Keter (will), Chochmah (wisdom), Binah (understanding), Chesed (loving kindness), Din (judgment), Tiferet (harmony), Netzach (victory), Hod (glory), Yesod (foundation), and Malchut (sovereignty).6

The Zohar teaches that there are three elements to the human soul: the nefesh, which is the lower “animal” part of the soul linked to instincts and bodily cravings, the ruach, the middle “spirit” soul containing moral virtues, and the neshamah, the higher “intellect” soul, which allows one to have awareness of God and to benefit from the afterlife.  The nefesh is said to enter the body at birth, whereas the ruach and neshamah are said to develop over time depending on the actions and beliefs of the individual.  Most Kabbalistic works assume a fundamental difference between Jewish and non-Jewish souls.  The Zohar posits that Gentile souls have an evil, demonic aspect to them that is not present in Jews.  Two additional parts of the soul, the chayyah (awareness of the divine life force) and yehidah (fullest union with God possible), are mentioned in the Raaya Meheimna, a section of teachings spread throughout the Zohar, but these higher levels of cognition are considered to be within the grasp of only a few chosen individuals.

-Laura

  1. Aryeh Kaplan “Jewish Meditation: A Practical Guide” [<]
  2. The Written Law (The Torah) [<]
  3. Imbued with Holiness [<]
  4. Parpola S. (1993) “The Assyrian Tree of Life: Tracing the Origins of Jewish Monotheism and Greek Philosophy” Journal of Near Eastern Studies [<]
  5. JewishEncyclopedia.com – Bible Exegesis [<]
  6. http://www.newkabbalah.com/sefirot.html [<]